Use of joinpoint regressions to evaluate changes over time in conscript height.

OBJECTIVES: Cohort variation in adult height expresses both the impact of socio-economic change on human biology in a wide temporal perspective and social inequalities within populations. We aimed to test the use of joinpoint regressions to identify periods in which changes in height trends were statistically significant. METHODS: Data correspond to the height recorded in Madrid City (Spain) for 65 313 conscripts between 1936 and 1974 (cohorts from 1915 to 1953), a period of social and political turmoil. Secular trends in height were analyzed in eight districts with contrasting socio-economic conditions, grouped in two categories, lower-class and middle- and upper-class. Trends in height were evaluated by quadratic regressions and by joinpoint regressions to identify the cut-off years when trends changed significantly. RESULTS: Height increased in both socio-economic categories of districts, more among conscripts from the lower-class ones. However, results clearly show differences in trends according to district of residence. Whereas the increase in height in conscripts from the middle- and upper-class districts was steady, it was slower in those from the lower classes, with declines in height during the Civil War and first years of the Franco dictatorship. CONCLUSIONS: Joinpoint analysis reveals the association between urban living conditions and adult height, and that the disparities intensified during critical historical periods of Spain.

Biological Well-Being during the "Economic Miracle" in Spain: Height, Weight and Body Mass Index of Conscripts in the City of Madrid, 1955-1974.

Typifying historical populations using anthropometric indicators such as height, BMI and weight allows for an analysis of the prevalence of obesity and malnutrition. This study evaluates secular changes in height, weight and body mass for men cohorts at 21 years old, born between 1934 and 1954 who were called up between 1955 and 1974, in the city of Madrid, Spain. In this study we prove the hypothesis that anthropometric variables increase thanks to improvement in diet and significant investments in hygiene and health infrastructure during the 1960s. The results of our analysis show a positive secular change in the trends for height (an increase of 4.67 cm), weight (6.400 kg) and BMI (0.90 Kg/m2), the result of a recovery in standards of living following the war and the autarchy of the 1940s. We also observed a slight trend towards obesity and a reduction in underweight categories at the end of the period is also observed. In conclusion, the secular trends of anthropometric variables in the city of Madrid reflect the recovery of living standards after the deterioration of the nutritional status suffered during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the deprivation of the autarchic period.

Nuevas líneas de tratamiento logopédico de las afasias: la terapia intensiva / New lines of speech therapy treatment for aphasias: intensive therapy

Existen numerosas evidencias de los beneficios de la intervención logopédica en pacientes con afasia; no obstante, aún se continúa investigando qué factores aumentan la eficacia de un tratamiento sobre otro. Revisando la bibliografía existente, se ha constatado que uno de los métodos por los que la comunidad científica se está interesando recientemente es la terapia intensiva, que se basa en aumentar considerablemente las horas dedicadas a la intervención logopédica. El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Grado ha sido actualizar los conceptos y evidencias sobre la intervención logopédica intensiva en pacientes con afasia. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica de ensayos clínicos y otras publicaciones relacionadas.En primer lugar, se ha comprobado que existe un número considerable de investigaciones referentes a esta temática que persiguen objetivos diversos, conformando un complejo y controvertido entramado de evidencias. Los ensayos clínicos revisados, en su mayoría, encuentran eficaces las terapias intensivas; sin embargo, se está investigando acerca de la optimización de los resultados y de los factores que influyen en éxito de la terapia.Por un lado, uno de los temas centrales de investigación es la determinación de la dosis óptima de intervención; es decir, el número de horas (semanales, mensuales y totales) suficientes para alcanzar unos resultados considerablemente más beneficiosos que un régimen regular. Determinar esta dosis es importante teniendo en cuenta que la elevada intensidad del tratamiento conlleva ciertas desventajas como el coste económico o el cansancio de los pacientes. Aunque continúa investigándose, recientes estudios indican que un régimen de entre 4 y 7 horas semanales prolongado durante más de dos semanas podría ser la dosis óptima, sin conseguir mejoras sustanciales aplicando una dosis aún más intensiva de 15 o 20 horas semanales.(AU)

Satellite-based survey of extreme methane emissions in the Permian basin.

Industrial emissions play a major role in the global methane budget. The Permian basin is thought to be responsible for almost half of the methane emissions from all U.S. oil- and gas-producing regions, but little is known about individual contributors, a prerequisite for mitigation. We use a new class of satellite measurements acquired during several days in 2019 and 2020 to perform the first regional-scale and high-resolution survey of methane sources in the Permian. We find an unexpectedly large number of extreme point sources (37 plumes with emission rates >500 kg hour-1), which account for a range between 31 and 53% of the estimated emissions in the sampled area. Our analysis reveals that new facilities are major emitters in the area, often due to inefficient flaring operations (20% of detections). These results put current practices into question and are relevant to guide emission reduction efforts.

Disparities in Height and Urban Social Stratification in the First Half of the 20th Century in Madrid (Spain).

Adult height is the most commonly used biological indicator to evaluate material and emotional conditions in which people grew up, allowing the analysis of secular trends associated with socio-economic change as well as of social inequalities among human populations. There is a lack of studies on both aspects regarding urban populations. Our study evaluates the secular trends and the disparities in height of conscripts born between 1915 and 1953 and called-up at the age of 21 between 1936 and 1969, living in districts with low versus middle and high socio-economic conditions, in the city of Madrid, Spain. We test the hypothesis that urban spatial segregation and social stratification was associated with significant differences in height. Results show that height increased significantly during the analysed period, both among conscripts living in the middle- and upper-class districts (5.85 cm) and in the lower-class districts (6.75 cm). The positive secular trend in height among conscripts from middle- and upper-class districts was sustained throughout the period, but the trend in height among the lower class fluctuated according to social, political, and economic events. Our findings support previous research that adult height is influenced strongly by the family living conditions during infancy and by community effects acting during childhood and adolescence.

Estaturas generacionales y residencia por distritos en la ciudad de Madrid durante el siglo XX / Height cohorts and district of residence in the city of Madrid during the 20th century

Objetivo: en las últimas décadas se ha acumulado una interesante bibliografía sobre los niveles biológicos de vida en España a finales del siglo xix y durante el siglo xx. La talla ha sido una de las variables más estudiadas: su cambio a nivel nacional y provincial, el impacto de la Guerra Civil y de la posterior dictadura y las diferencias entre las áreas urbanas y las rurales. Queremos contribuir a este panorama general con este trabajo, una perspectiva intraurbana de la ciudad de Madrid. Métodos: presentamos el análisis comparativo del cambio temporal en la talla de los madrileños de los distritos de Salamanca y de Vallecas correspondientes al periodo 1936-1986. Resultados: en esos años, la talla total se incrementó en 5,58 cm, pasando de 166,40 a 171,98 cm, aunque se observan diferencias significativas entre ambos distritos; diferencias que se reducen (de 3,09 a 1,2 cm) entre Salamanca y Vallecas para los nacidos en 1915 y 1953, respectivamente. También se observa el efecto negativo de la Guerra Civil y de los años de autarquía. Conclusión: considerando estos primeros datos, junto a los disponibles para otras variables demográficas y socioeconómicas previas y posteriores al periodo estudiado, podemos considerar que la división por distritos representa una estratificación efectiva en los niveles biológicos de vida dentro de la ciudad de Madrid. Estos resultados constituyen una primera aproximación intraurbana con la talla al debate sobre la desigualdad y los niveles de vida en España durante el siglo XX

Objective: in recent decades, an interesting literature has accumulated regarding the biological living standard in Spain at the end of the 19th Century and during the 20th Century. Adult height has been one of the most studied variables, specifically its temporal change at the national and provincial levels, the impact of the Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship, and the differences between urban and rural areas. We want to contribute to this general overview with the presentation of a project about an intra-urban perspective of the city of Madrid. Methods: We present the stature data of the male population of two Madrid districts, Salamanca and Vallecas, for the period 1936-1986 (year of measurement). Results: In these years, height increased by 5.58 cm, from 166.40 to 171.98 cm, with significant differences observed between both districts as well as a simultaneous decrease of that difference, for those born in 1915 and 1953 from 3.09 to 1.2 cm. The negative effect of the Civil War and the years of autarky are also observed in this urban sample. Conclusion: Considering these data together with those available for other demographic and socioeconomic variables, before and after the period studied, we can conclude that the division by districts represents an effective stratification in the biological living standard of the population of the city of Madrid. These results constitute a first intra-urban approximation using height to the debate on inequality and biological living standards in Spain during the 20th Century

[Height cohorts and district of residence in the city of Madrid during the 20th century]. / Estaturas generacionales y residencia por distritos en la ciudad de Madrid durante el siglo XX.

OBJECTIVE: in recent decades, an interesting literature has accumulated regarding the biological living standard in Spain at the end of the 19th Century and during the 20th Century. Adult height has been one of the most studied variables, specifically its temporal change at the national and provincial levels, the impact of the Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship, and the differences between urban and rural areas. We want to contribute to this general overview with the presentation of a project about an intra-urban perspective of the city of Madrid. METHODS: We present the stature data of the male population of two Madrid districts, Salamanca and Vallecas, for the period 1936-1986 (year of measurement). RESULTS: In these years, height increased by 5.58 cm, from 166.40 to 171.98 cm, with significant differences observed between both districts as well as a simultaneous decrease of that difference, for those born in 1915 and 1953 from 3.09 to 1.2 cm. The negative effect of the Civil War and the years of autarky are also observed in this urban sample. CONCLUSION: Considering these data together with those available for other demographic and socioeconomic variables, before and after the period studied, we can conclude that the division by districts represents an effective stratification in the biological living standard of the population of the city of Madrid. These results constitute a first intra-urban approximation using height to the debate on inequality and biological living standards in Spain during the 20th Century.

Objetivo: en las últimas décadas se ha acumulado una interesante bibliografía sobre los niveles biológicos de vida en España a finales del siglo XIX y durante el siglo XX. La talla ha sido una de las variables más estudiadas: su cambio a nivel nacional y provincial, el impacto de la Guerra Civil y de la posterior dictadura y las diferencias entre las áreas urbanas y las rurales. Queremos contribuir a este panorama general con este trabajo, una perspectiva intraurbana de la ciudad de Madrid.Métodos: presentamos el análisis comparativo del cambio temporal en la talla de los madrileños de los distritos de Salamanca y de Vallecas correspondientes al periodo 1936-1986.Resultados: en esos años, la talla total se incrementó en 5,58 cm, pasando de 166,40 a 171,98 cm, aunque se observan diferencias significativas entre ambos distritos; diferencias que se reducen (de 3,09 a 1,2 cm) entre Salamanca y Vallecas para los nacidos en 1915 y 1953, respectivamente. También se observa el efecto negativo de la Guerra Civil y de los años de autarquía.Conclusión: considerando estos primeros datos, junto a los disponibles para otras variables demográficas y socioeconómicas previas y posteriores al periodo estudiado, podemos considerar que la división por distritos representa una estratificación efectiva en los niveles biológicos de vida dentro de la ciudad de Madrid. Estos resultados constituyen una primera aproximación intraurbana con la talla al debate sobre la desigualdad y los niveles de vida en España durante el siglo xx.